Social influences in a model of body dissatisfaction, weight worry and bodily discomfort in Mexican women / Influencias sociales en un modelo de insatisfacción corporal, preocupación por el peso y malestar corporal en mujeres mexicanas

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze the explanatory level of the variables advertising influence, verbal messages, social models and social situations as regards body dissatisfaction, weight worry, and bodily discomfort. The study was conducted in a convenience sample of 206 Mexican women with an average age of 22.12 years (SD = 4.21). Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the direct and indirect effects of the independent variables on the dependent ones in three hypothetical models proposed. In the case of the model proposed for body dissatisfaction, it was found that the set of vari ables had 79% of variance explained and showed adequate goodness-of-fit indices (χ2/gl = .877; GFI = .982; CFI = .978; AGFI = .980; SRMR = .068; RMSEA = .079). The model for weight worry had 62% of variance explained and an acceptable goodness of fit (χ2/gl = 1.556; GFI = .981; CFI = .975; AGFI = .978; SRMR = .068; RMSEA = .080). Finally, the model for bodily discomfort had 72% of variance explained and showed adequate goodness of fit (χ2/gl = .173; GFI = .976; CFI = .969; AGFI = .972; SRMR = .062; RMSEA = .072). It is concluded that social influences have a significant impact on body image. Verbal messages had the strongest impact on the variables studied.

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar el grado explicativo de las variables "influencia de la publicidad", "mensajes verbales", "modelos sociales" y "situaciones sociales" frente a la insatisfacción corporal, la preocupación por el peso y el malestar corporal en una muestra seleccionada por conveniencia de 206 mujeres mexicanas con promedio de edad de 22.12 años (DT = 4.21). Específicamente, se utilizó un modelamiento de ecuaciones estructurales para identificar los efectos directos e indirectos de las variables independientes sobre las dependientes en tres modelos hipotéticos propuestos, y como resultados se encontró que el conjunto de variables tuvo un valor explicativo de 79 % para el modelo planteado para la insatisfacción corporal, con buenos indicadores de bondad de ajuste (χ2/gl = .877; GFI = .982; CFI = .978; AGFI = .980; SRMR = .068; RMSEA = .079); de 62 % para el modelo de preocupación por el peso, con una adecuada bondad de ajuste (χ2/gl = 1.556; GFI = .981; CFI = .975; AGFI = .978; SRMR = .068; RMSEA = .080); y de 72 % para el modelo de malestar corporal, con buenos valores de bondad de ajuste (χ2/gl = .173; GFI = .976; CFI = .969; AGFI = .972; SRMR = .062; RMSEA = .072). Se concluye que las influencias sociales tienen un impacto significativo en la imagen corporal y que los mensajes verbales presentan un mayor impacto en las variables estudiadas.

Modelo explicativo y predittivo de la ideación suicida en una muestra de bachilleres mexicanos / Explicative and predictive model of suicide ideation in a sample of mexican high school students

Resumen La presente investigación se planteó como objetivo principal elaborar un modelo explicativo y predictivo de ideación suicida en estudiantes de un bachillerato mexicano. Los participantes del estudio fueron estudiantes de tres carreras técnicas de una institución de educación pública del estado de Jalisco, México. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 911 alumnos, seleccionados a través de un muestreo no probabilístico. Las variables exógenas que se contemplaron fueron el sexo, el apoyo social percibido, el ajuste y la victimización escolar, la conducta alimentaria de riesgo, la insatisfacción con la imagen corporal y la depresión. El instrumento para medir la ideación suicida fue la escala de ideación suicida desarrollada por Beck, Kovacs y Weissman, la cual mide las diversas características y la frecuencia de pensamientos y actitudes referentes a la intencionalidad de cometer suicidio. Mediante un análisis de regresión lineal múltiple se construyó un modelo explicativo y predictivo de ideación suicida que incluyó las variables de depresión, apoyo familiar y problemas de ajuste a la escuela. A partir de los hallazgos se sugiere desarrollar estrategias de intervención en el contexto escolar y familiar que se enfoquen, de manera primordial, a las variables que predicen un aumento significativo de la ideación suicida.

Abstract The objective of this research was to develop an explicative and predictive model of suicidal ideation in Mexican high school students. The study participants were students of three technical careers from a public education institution in the state of Jalisco, Mexico. The sample consisted of 911 students, selected through non-probabilistic sampling. The exogenous variables were sex, social support, adjustment and school victimization, risky eating behavior, dissatisfaction with body image and depression. The instrument for measuring suicidal ideation was the "Suicidal Ideation Scale" developed by Beck, Kovacs and Weissman which measures the characteristics and frequency of thoughts and attitudes about the intentionality of committing suicide. An explicative and predictive model of suicidal ideation was constructed that included the variables of depression, family support and adjustment problems to the school through a Multiple Linear Regression analysis. Based on the findings, it is suggested to develop intervention strategies within the school and family context focused on the variables that predict a significant increase in suicidal ideation.

Tríada oscura de personalidad, satisfacción laboral y cinismo organizacional: un modelo estructural / Dark Triad of Personality, Job Satisfaction and Organizational Cynicism: A Structural Model

Resumen Se analizó el impacto del cinismo organizacional sobre las relaciones entre la tríada oscura (maquiavelismo, narcisismo, psicopatía) y la satisfacción laboral, en una muestra de 343 trabajadores argentinos. Se plantearon hipótesis sobre relaciones directas e indirectas que fueron probadas mediante análisis de ecuaciones estructurales. Los resultados confirmaron que la tríada predice el cinismo (maquiavelismo: ϒ = 0.39, p < 0.01; psicopatía: ϒ = 0.22, p < 0.01; narcisismo: ϒ = 0.14; p < 0.05), y que el cinismo mediatiza completamente las relaciones entre la tríada y la satisfacción laboral (maquiavelismo: z = -4.51, p < 0.001; psicopatía: z = -3.24, p < 0.001; narcisismo: z = -1.78, p < 0.05). Se discuten las implicancias prácticas de los hallazgos y se sugieren nuevas líneas de investigación futura.

Abstract The impact of organizational cynicism on the relationship between dark personality traits (Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy) and job satisfaction was analysed. It was study a sample of 343 Argentinean workers. Hypotheses on direct and indirect relationships were tested by structural equation modelling. The results confirmed that the dark triad predicts cynicism (machiavellianism: ϒ = 0.39, p < 0.01; psychopathy: ϒ = 0.22, p < 0.01; narcissism: ϒ = 0.14; p < 0.05); and that cynicism fully mediates the relationship between the dark side and job satisfaction (machiavellianism: z = -4.51, p < 0.001; psychopathy: z = -3.24, p < 0.001; narcissism: z = -1.78, p < 0.05). Practical implications of findings are discussed and new lines for future studies are suggested.

Valores humanos, comportamentos antissociais e delitivos: evidências de um modelo explicativo / Human values, antisocial and criminal behavior: evidences for an explanatory model / Valores humanos, comportamiento antisocial y criminal: evidencias para un modelo explicativo

O presente artigo objetivou verificar em que medida os valores humanos predizem os comportamentos antissociais e estes, por sua vez, predizem os delitivos. Para tanto, contou-se com a participação de 207 universitários, com idades variando de 19 a 46 anos (M = 22,6; DP = 3,65). Os resultados indicaram que os valores das subfunções experimentação (+) e normativa (-) predisseram os comportamentos antissociais, e estes, as condutas delitivas. Tal modelo testado apresentou indicadores de ajuste adequados (χ²/g.l = 1,48, GFI = 0,99, TLI = 0,96, CFI = 0,98, RMSEA = 0,048). Os resultados indicam a importância dos valores na predição de condutas desviantes, sendo importante, sobretudo, a promoção de valores normativos, pois estes vêm se mostrando, consistentemente, como fatores de proteção para o envolvimento em comportamentos desviantes.

This article aimed to verify the extent to which human values predict the antisocial behaviors and these, in turn, predict the criminal behavior. Participants were 207 undergraduated students, with ages ranging from 19 to 46 years (M = 22.6, SD = 3.65). The results indicated that values of the subfunction excitement (+) and normative (-) predicted the antisocial behaviors, and these, criminal behaviors. This tested model showed adequate fit indicators (χ²/g.l = 1.48, GFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.96, CFI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.048). The results indicate the importance of values in the prediction of deviant behavior, it is important, especially, the promotion of normative values, as these has proven consistently as protective factors for involvement in deviant behavior.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo verificar el grado en que los valores humanos a predecir las conductas antisociales y éstos, a su vez, predicen los delictivos. Esta involucrado con la participación de 207 alumnos, con edades entre 19 a 46 años (M = 22,6, SD = 3,65). Los resultados indicaron que los valores sub ensayo (+) y normativos (-) predijo las conductas antisociales, y estos, conductas delictivas. Este modelo probado mostró indicadores de ajuste adecuados (c² / gl = 1,48, GFI = 0,99, TLI = 0,96, CFI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0,048). Los resultados indican la importancia de los valores en la predicción de la conducta desviada, es importante, sobre todo, la promoción de los valores normativos, ya que ha demostrado consistentemente como factores de protección para la participación en la conducta desviada.

Liderazgo, confianza y flexibilidad laboral como predictores de identificación organizacional: un estudio con trabajadores argentinos / Leadership, Trust, and Labor Flexibility as Predictors of Organizational Identification: A Study with Argentinean Workers / Liderança, confiança e flexibilidade laboral como preditores de identificação organizacional: um estudo com trabalhadores argentinos

Objetivo. Examinar el impacto del liderazgo transformador, la confianza en el supervisor y la flexibilidad laboral sobre la identificación del trabajador con su organización (IDO). Método. Se realizó un estudio empírico, cuantitativo y transversal, enmarcado en la teoría de la identidad social. Se trabajó con una muestra intencional de 257 empleados de empresas argentinas con regímenes de trabajo flexible. Los participantes completaron las escalas de identificación organizacional, liderazgo transformador, confianza en el supervisor y flexibilidad laboral. El modelo de mediación moderada postulado fue probado usando análisis de regresión múltiple y análisis de efectos condicionales. Resultados. La confianza en el supervisor medió las relaciones entre el liderazgo transformador y la IDO, afinidad (ß = 0.29, z = 4.26, p < 0.001) e imitación (ß = 0.31, z = 4.45, p < 0.001). Estas relaciones fueron moderadas por la flexibilidad laboral, siendo más fuertes sobre la IDO por afinidad (ß = 0.35, p < 0.05, IC 95% [0.29, 0.41]). Conclusión. Los líderes transformadores influyen sobre la IDO de los trabajadores a través de la confianza que generan, en tanto que la flexibilidad laboral amplifica tales relaciones. Se indican las implicaciones prácticas de estos hallazgos y se señalan las fortalezas y debilidades del trabajo realizado.

Objective. To examine the impact of transformational leadership, the trust in the supervisor, and labor flexibility on the identification of the worker with his or her organization (OI). Method. An empirical, quantitative and transversal study, framed in the social identity theory, was carried out. A sample of 257 Argentinean employees of companies with flexible work schedules was studied. The scales of Organizational identification, Transformational leadership, Trust in supervisor, and Labor flexibility were filled by participants. The moderated mediation model postulated was tested using multiple regression analysis, and analysis of conditional effects. Results. Trust in the supervisor mediated the relationship between transformational leadership and OI, either by affinity (p = 0.29, z = 4.26, p < 0.001), or by imitation (p = 0.31, z = 4.45, p < 0.001). Such relationships were moderated by labor flexibility, being stronger on the OI by affinity (p = 0.35, p < 0.05, CI 95% [0.29, 0.41]). Conclusion. Transformational leaders influence on the OI of their followers through the trust generated, while labor flexibility amplifies such relationships. The practical implications of these findings are presented, and the strengths and weaknesses of the work performed are indicated.

Escopo. Analisar o impacto da liderança transformacional, a confiança no supervisor e a flexibilidade do trabalho sobre a identificação do trabalhador com a sua organização (IO). Metodologia. Foi realizado um estudo empírico, quantitativo e transversal, enquadrado na teoria da identidade social. O trabalho foi feito com 257 funcionários argentinos, de empresas que oferecem aos seus trabalhadores a possibilidade de horários de trabalho flexíveis. As escalas de Identificação organizacional, Liderança transformacional, Confiança no supervisor e Flexibilidade laboral foram preenchidos pelos participantes. O modelo de mediação moderada postulado foi testado utilizando análise de regressão múltipla, e análise dos efeitos condicionais. Resultados. A confiança no supervisor mediou as relações entre liderança transformacional e IO, afinidade (p = 0.29, z = 4.26; p < 0.001), e imitação (p = 0.31, z = 4.45; p < 0.001). Essas relações foram moderadas pela flexibilidade laboral, sendo mais fortes sobre a IO por afinidade (p = 0.35; p <0.05, IC 95% [0.29, 0.41]). Conclusão. Os líderes transformacionais influenciam a identificação de trabalhadores através da confiança gerada, enquanto que a flexibilidade laboral amplifica tais relações. São apresentadas as implicações práticas destes resultados e são indicados os pontos fortes e fracos do trabalho executado.

Un modelo explicativo de resiliencia en jovenes y adolescentes / An explanatory model of resilience in youth and adolescents / Um modelo explicativo de resiliência em jovens e adolescentes

La resiliencia ha sido definida como la capacidad para superar y salir fortalecido de las adversidades. Esta capacidad es evolutiva y es influenciada por factores protectivos, tanto personales como ambientales. Si bien muchos de estos factores han sido identificados, poco se sabe acerca de las complejas interacciones entre ellos y la forma que contribuyen al desarrollo de la resiliencia. Con base en la evidencia científica más reciente, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue desarrollar un modelo explicativo de la resiliencia en jóvenes y adolescentes. Cada variable introducida en el modelo asienta sus bases en la evidencia teórica o empírica publicada. Por la naturaleza de las variables incluidas (optimismo, sentido del humor, emociones positivas, bienestar, inteligencia emocional), el modelo propuesto se enmarca dentro de los lineamientos de la Psicología Positiva. Se ofrecen sugerencias teóricas, metodológicas y epistemológicas para poner a prueba el modelo..(AU)

Resilience has been defined as the ability to overcome and emerge stronger from adversity. This capability is evolutionary and is influenced by protective factors, both personal and environmental. Although many of these factors have been identified, little is known about the complex interactions between them and the way that they contribute to the development of resilience. Based on the latest scientific evidence, the objective of this work was to develop an explanatory model of resilience in youth and adolescents. Each variable introduced in the model is rooted in theoretical or empirical evidence published. By the nature of the variables included (optimism, sense of humor, positive emotions, well-being, emotional intelligence), the proposed model fits within the guidelines of Positive Psychology. Theoretical, methodological, and epistemological suggestions are offered to test the model.(AU)

Tem-se definido resiliência como a capacidade de superar as adversidades e sair delas mais fortalecido. Esta capacidade é evolutiva e é influenciada por fatores de proteção tanto pessoal como ambiental. Embora muitos desses fatores tenham sido identificados, pouco se sabe sobre as complexas interações entre eles e a maneira como contribuem para o desenvolvimento da resiliência. O bjetivo destes trabalho foi desenvolver, com base nos últimos dados científicos, um modelo explicativo da resiliência em jovens e adolescentes. Cada variável introduzida no modelo está enraizada na prova teórica ou empírica publicada. Pela natureza das variáveis incluídas (otimismo, senso de humor, emoções positivas, bem-estar e inteligência emocional), o modelo proposto enquadra-se nas diretrizes da Psicologia Positiva. Sugestões teóricas, metodológicas e epistemológicas são oferecidas para testar o modelo.(AU)

Un modelo explicativo de resiliencia en jovenes y adolescentes / An explanatory model of resilience in youth and adolescents / Um modelo explicativo de resiliência em jovens e adolescentes

La resiliencia ha sido definida como la capacidad para superar y salir fortalecido de las adversidades. Esta capacidad es evolutiva y es influenciada por factores protectivos, tanto personales como ambientales. Si bien muchos de estos factores han sido identificados, poco se sabe acerca de las complejas interacciones entre ellos y la forma que contribuyen al desarrollo de la resiliencia. Con base en la evidencia científica más reciente, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue desarrollar un modelo explicativo de la resiliencia en jóvenes y adolescentes. Cada variable introducida en el modelo asienta sus bases en la evidencia teórica o empírica publicada. Por la naturaleza de las variables incluidas (optimismo, sentido del humor, emociones positivas, bienestar, inteligencia emocional), el modelo propuesto se enmarca dentro de los lineamientos de la Psicología Positiva. Se ofrecen sugerencias teóricas, metodológicas y epistemológicas para poner a prueba el modelo...

Resilience has been defined as the ability to overcome and emerge stronger from adversity. This capability is evolutionary and is influenced by protective factors, both personal and environmental. Although many of these factors have been identified, little is known about the complex interactions between them and the way that they contribute to the development of resilience. Based on the latest scientific evidence, the objective of this work was to develop an explanatory model of resilience in youth and adolescents. Each variable introduced in the model is rooted in theoretical or empirical evidence published. By the nature of the variables included (optimism, sense of humor, positive emotions, well-being, emotional intelligence), the proposed model fits within the guidelines of Positive Psychology. Theoretical, methodological, and epistemological suggestions are offered to test the model.

Tem-se definido resiliência como a capacidade de superar as adversidades e sair delas mais fortalecido. Esta capacidade é evolutiva e é influenciada por fatores de proteção tanto pessoal como ambiental. Embora muitos desses fatores tenham sido identificados, pouco se sabe sobre as complexas interações entre eles e a maneira como contribuem para o desenvolvimento da resiliência. O bjetivo destes trabalho foi desenvolver, com base nos últimos dados científicos, um modelo explicativo da resiliência em jovens e adolescentes. Cada variável introduzida no modelo está enraizada na prova teórica ou empírica publicada. Pela natureza das variáveis incluídas (otimismo, senso de humor, emoções positivas, bem-estar e inteligência emocional), o modelo proposto enquadra-se nas diretrizes da Psicologia Positiva. Sugestões teóricas, metodológicas e epistemológicas são oferecidas para testar o modelo.

Análisis crítico del Modelo de Variación Ciega y Retención Selectiva de la Creatividad / Review of the Blind Variation and Selective Retention Model of Creativity

Se informa una revisión bibliográfica realizada acerca de uno de los modelos explicativos de la creatividad desde la teoría darwiniana, el Modelo de Variación Ciega y Retención Selectiva (Blind Variation and Selective Retention -BVSR). Este modelo se encuentra inscripto en el darwinismo secundario, el cual utiliza la teoría darwiniana metafóricamente, aplicándola a los procesos cognitivos involucrados en el proceso creativo. Uno de los principales exponentes de este modelo es Simonton (1999a, 1999b, 2005, 2007a, 2007b) quien, a partir del modelo inicialmente planteado por Campbell (1960), ha desarrollado diferentes modificaciones, ampliando sus características y alcances. El estudio realizado se propuso examinar los aportes y evidencias presentadas por Simonton al modelo de BVSR, así como también, las objeciones y críticas realizadas por algunos autores reconocidos en el área de la creatividad tales como Beghetto y Plucker (2007), Gardner (1999), Martindale (1999), Mumford y Antes (2007), Russ (1999), Sternberg (1999) y Weisberg y Hass (2007).

The main objective of this work was to examine some of the most relevant articles on the blind variation and selective retention model of creativity (BVSR) presented by Simonton (1999a, 1999b, 2005, 2007a, 2007b). The BVSR model is an explanatory model of creativity grounded in a larger theoretical framework known as secondary Darwinism. Darwinian theories of creativity can be classified in two groups (Feist, 2001; Simonton, 1999a, 2005). The first group, known as primary Darwinism or primary theories of Darwinism, is directly connected with Darwin's original formulation of biological evolution (Simonton, 2005). The principal purpose of primary theories is to understand the evolutionary processes underlying the emergence of species whose members are able to show creative behavior. In other words, primary theories attempt to explain how creative and aesthetic skills emerge in the human being, focusing the attention on the origin and evolution of those behaviors. On the other hand, Secondary Darwinism, "holds that creativity operates in a fashion analogous to the Darwinian Theory of Biological Evolution" (Simonton, 2005, p. 299). In this sense, the BVSR model of creativity applies Metaphorically the Darwinian Theory to the cognitive processes involved in creativity. Thus, the mechanisms underlying the generation of new ideas are similar to the mechanisms that explain biological evolution in Darwinian terms. One of the leading expert of this model is Simonton (1999a, 1999b, 2005, 2007a, 2007b), who has expanded and redefined some of the main issues considered by the original model raised by Campbell (1960). Both, Campbell as Simonton suggest that there is no teleology in the creative process as well as discovering new ideas. It's for this reason they call their Blind Variation and Selective Retention model (BVSR). The attribute of blind is intended to highlight the lack of foresight in the production of variations: the inability to generative deliberately more adaptive variations. Thus, according to Campbell's theory (1960), for the production of genuinely new knowledge is essential to generate blind variations. Simonton (1999a, 1999b, 2005, 2007a, 2007b) takes the BVSR model and suggest throughout his studies and publications some modifications that extend the original model proposed by Campbell. In this sense, this article proposes to review some contributions and evidence presented by Simonton in the last decade. Then, five of the most crucial objections are examined (individual volition, social and cultural determinism, human rationality, expertise and human emotion). In order to achieve this goal, the criticisms made by some recognized authors in the area of psychology of creativity were considered, such as: Beghetto and Plucker (2007), Gardner (1999), Martindale (1999), Mumford and Antes (2007), Russ (1999), Sternberg (1999), Weisberg and Hass (2007). Finally, taking into account the ups and downs of creative ideas when confronted with reality, it is stressed Martindale's (1999) suggestion about whether it would be desirable to take into consideration the Lamarckian perspective of evolution rather than Darwinian perspective. Maybe the fact that some ideas are selected and changed over the time, it is not the result of a blind variation process but an artificial selection process according to the purposes or objectives set previously, either by the creators, either by the social group they belong to. In this sense, Csikszentmihalyi (1996/1998) has pointed out that creativity should be understand not only as an individual's process, but as a dialectical process that take place between the individual, the domain and the field.